Marine-derived anticoagulants: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54957/ijhs.v5i6.1475Kata Kunci:
Factor XIa inhibitors, Intrinsic coagulation pathway, Marine-derived anticoagulants, Sulfated polysaccharides, Translational pharmacologyAbstrak
Marine ecosystems represent a structurally diverse reservoir of bioactive anticoagulant compounds. This review synthesizes advances in marine-derived anticoagulants published between January 2020 and December 2025. A structured literature search was conducted exclusively in the Scopus, Pubmed and ScieceDirect database, with the final search performed in January 2026. Peer-reviewed articles published in English were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligible studies investigated marine organisms including algae, echinoderms, mollusks, bacteria, and marine symbionts and reported structural characterization, mechanistic evaluation, pharmacological profiling, or translational relevance. Conference abstracts, editorials, non-marine studies, and articles lacking mechanistic or structural data were excluded. Recent evidence highlights sulfated polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, peptides, and engineered analogues as principal marine-derived anticoagulant candidates. These compounds primarily act through potentiation of antithrombin III/ATIII and heparin cofactor II/HCII as well as selective inhibition of intrinsic pathway factors such as factor XIa and factor XIIa. Advances in green extraction technologies, controlled sulfation chemistry, purification strategies, and nanodelivery systems have improved structural reproducibility and pharmacokinetic performance. Emerging preclinical findings suggest reduced hemorrhagic risk compared with conventional heparins alongside additional antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, structural heterogeneity, limited oral bioavailability, sustainability constraints, and regulatory challenges remain critical barriers to clinical translation. Integration of advanced structural analytics, synthetic biology, and precision pharmacology will be essential to advance marine-derived anticoagulants toward safe and standardized therapeutic application.
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